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- FIND(1L) FIND(1L)
- NAME
- find - search for files in a directory hierarchy
- SYNOPSIS
- find [path...] [expression]
- DESCRIPTION
- This manual page documents the GNU version of find. find
- searches the directory tree rooted at each given pathname by
- evaluating the given expression from left to right, accord-
- ing to the rules of precedence (see section OPERATORS),
- ___ until the outcome is known (left hand side false for and
- __ operations, true for or), at which point find moves on to
- the next pathname.
- The first argument that begins with `-', `(', `)', `,', or
- `!' is taken to be the beginning of the expression; any
- arguments before it are paths to search, and any arguments
- after it are the rest of the expression. If no paths are
- given, the current directory is used. If no expression is
- given, the expression `-print' is used.
- find exits with status 0 if all files are processed success-
- fully, greater than 0 if errors occur.
- EXPRESSIONS
- The expression is made up of options (which affect overall
- operation rather than the processing of a specific file, and
- always return true), tests (which return a true or false
- value), and actions (which have side effects and return a
- true or false value), all separated by operators. -and is
- assumed where the operator is omitted. If the expression
- contains no actions other than -prune, -print is performed
- on all files for which the expression is true.
- OPTIONS
- -daystart
- Measure times (for -amin, -atime, -cmin, -ctime, -mmin,
- and -mtime) from the beginning of today rather than
- from 24 hours ago.
- -depth
- Process each directory's contents before the directory
- itself.
- -follow
- Dereference symbolic links.
- ______ -maxdepth levels
- ______ Descend at most levels (a non-negative integer) levels
- of directories below the command line arguments.
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- FIND(1L) FIND(1L)
- `-maxdepth 0' means only apply the tests and actions to
- the command line arguments.
- ______ -mindepth levels
- Do not apply any tests or actions at levels less than
- ______ levels (a non-negative integer). `-mindepth 1' means
- process all files except the command line arguments.
- -version
- True; print find version number on standard error.
- -xdev
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- True; don't descend directories on other filesystems.
- TESTS
- Numeric arguments can be specified as
- _ _ +n for greater than n,
- _ _ -n for less than n,
- _ _ n for exactly n.
- _ -amin n
- _ File was last accessed n minutes ago.
- ____ -anewer file
- ____ File was last accessed more recently than file was
- modified. -anewer is affected by -follow only if -fol-
- low comes before -anewer on the command line.
- _ -atime n
- _ File was last accessed n*24 hours ago.
- _ -cmin n
- _ File's status was last changed n minutes ago.
- ____ -cnewer file
- ____ File's status was last changed more recently than file
- was modified. -cnewer is affected by -follow only if
- -follow comes before -cnewer on the command line.
- _ -ctime n
- _ File's status was last changed n*24 hours ago.
- -empty
- File is empty and is either a regular file or a direc-
- tory.
- -false
- Always false.
- Page 2
- FIND(1L) FIND(1L)
- ____ -fstype type
- ____ File is on a filesystem of type type. The valid
- filesystem types vary among different versions of Unix;
- an incomplete list of filesystem types that are
- accepted on some version of Unix or another is: ufs,
- 4.2, 4.3, nfs, tmp, mfs, S51K, S52K.
- _ -gid n
- _ File's numeric group ID is n.
- _____ -group gname
- _____ File belongs to group gname (numeric group ID allowed).
- _ -inum n
- _ File has inode number n.
- _ -links n
- _ File has n links.
- _______ -lname pattern
- File is a symbolic link whose contents match shell pat-
- _______ tern pattern. `*' and `?' match `.' at the start of
- the link contents. Slash characters have no special
- meaning in the comparison.
- _ -mmin n
- _ File's data was last modified n minutes ago.
- _ -mtime n
- _ File's data was last modified n*24 hours ago.
- _______ -name pattern
- Base of path name (the path with the leading direc-
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- _______ tories removed) matches shell pattern pattern. `*' and
- `?' do not match `.' at the start of the filename.
- ____ -newer file
- ____ File was modified more recently than file. -newer is
- affected by -follow only if -follow comes before -newer
- on the command line.
- -nouser
- No user corresponds to file's numeric user ID.
- -nogroup
- No group corresponds to file's numeric group ID.
- ____ -perm mode
- ____ File's permission bits are exactly mode (octal or sym-
- bolic).
- ____ -perm -mode
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- FIND(1L) FIND(1L)
- ____ Permission bits mode are set for the file.
- _______ -regex pattern
- _______ Pathname matches regular expression pattern.
- _ -size n[ck]
- _ _ File uses n 512-byte blocks (bytes if `c' follows n,
- _ kilobytes if `k' follows n). The size does not count
- indirect blocks, and does count blocks in sparse files
- that are not actually allocated.
- -true
- Always true.
- _ -type c
- _ File is of type c:
- b block (buffered) character
- c character (unbuffered) character
- d directory
- p named pipe (FIFO)
- f regular file
- l symbolic link
- s socket
- _ -uid n
- _ File's numeric user ID is n.
- _ -used n
- _ File was last accessed n days after its status was last
- changed.
- _____ -user uname
- _____ File is owned by user uname (numeric user ID allowed).
- _ -xtype c
- The same as -type unless the file is a symbolic link.
- For symbolic links, if -follow has not been given, true
- _ if the file is a link to a file of type c; if -follow
- _ has been given, true if c is `l'. For symbolic links,
- -xtype checks the type of the file that -type does not
- check.
- ACTIONS
- _______ -exec command ;
- Page 4
- FIND(1L) FIND(1L)
- _______ Execute command; true if 0 status is returned. All
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- following arguments to find are taken to be arguments
- to the command until an argument consisting of `;' is
- encountered. The string `{}' is replaced by the
- current pathname being processed everywhere it occurs
- in the arguments to the command. Both of these con-
- structions might need to be escaped (with a `║) or
- quoted to protect them from expansion by the shell.
- ____ -fprint file
- ____ ____ True; print the full pathname into file file. If file
- does not exist when find is run, it is created; if it
- does exist, it is truncated. The filenames
- ``/dev/stdout'' and ``/dev/stderr'' are handled spe-
- cially; they refer to the standard output and standard
- error output, respectively.
- ____ -fprint0 file
- ____ True; like -print0 but write to file like -fprint.
- ____ ______ -fprintf file format
- ____ True; like -printf but write to file like -fprint.
- _______ -ok command ;
- Like -exec but ask user first; if the response does not
- start with `y' or `Y', do not run the command, and
- return false.
- -print
- True; print the full pathname on the standard output,
- followed by a newline.
- -print0
- True; print the full pathname on the standard output,
- followed by a null character. This allows filenames
- that contain newlines to be correctly interpreted by
- programs that process the find output.
- ______ -printf format
- ______ True; print format on the standard output, interpreting
- `║ escapes and `%' directives. Field widths and pre-
- cisions can be specified as with the `printf' C func-
- tion. The escapes and directives are:
- Alarm bell.
- Backspace.
- Stop printing from this format immediately.
- Form feed.
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- FIND(1L) FIND(1L)
- Newline.
- Carriage return.
- Horizontal tab.
- Vertical tab.
- A `║ character followed by any other character is
- treated as an ordinary character, so they both are
- printed.
- %% A literal percent sign.
- %a File's last access time in the format returned by
- the C `ctime' function.
- _ %Ak File's last access time in the format specified by
- _ k, which is either `@' or a directive for the C
- _ `strftime' function. The possible values for k
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- are listed below; some of them might not be avail-
- able on all systems, due to differences in
- `strftime' between systems.
- @ seconds since Jan. 1, 1970, 00:00 GMT.
- Time fields:
- H hour (00..23)
- I hour (00..12)
- M minute (00..59)
- p locale's AM or PM
- r time, 12-hour (hh:mm:ss [AP]M)
- S second (00..61)
- T time, 24-hour (hh:mm:ss)
- X locale's time representation (H:M:S)
- Z time zone (e.g., EDT), or nothing if no time
- zone is determinable
- Date fields:
- a locale's abbreviated weekday name (Sun..Sat)
- A locale's full weekday name, variable length
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- FIND(1L) FIND(1L)
- (Sunday..Saturday)
- b locale's abbreviated month name (Jan..Dec)
- B locale's full month name, variable length
- (January..December)
- c locale's date and time (Sat Nov 04 12:02:33
- EST 1989)
- d day of month (01..31)
- D date (mm/dd/yy)
- h same as b
- j day of year (001..366)
- m month (01..12)
- U week number of year with Sunday as first day
- of week (00..53)
- w day of week (0..6)
- W week number of year with Monday as first day
- of week (00..53)
- x locale's date representation (mm/dd/yy)
- y last two digits of year (00..99)
- Y year (1970...)
- %b File's size in 512-byte blocks (rounded up).
- %c File's last status change time in the format
- returned by the C `ctime' function.
- _ %Ck File's last status change time in the format
- _ specified by k, which is the same as for %A.
- %d File's depth in the directory tree; 0 means the
- file is a command line argument.
- %f File's pathname with any leading directories
- removed.
- %g File's group name, or numeric group ID if the
- group has no name.
- %G File's numeric group ID.
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- FIND(1L) FIND(1L)
- %h Leading directories of file's pathname.
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- %H Command line argument under which file was found.
- %i File's inode number (in decimal).
- %k File's size in 1K blocks (rounded up).
- %l Object of symbolic link (empty string if file is
- not a symbolic link).
- %m File's permission bits (in octal).
- %n Number of hard links to file.
- %p File's pathname.
- %P File's pathname with the name of the command line
- argument under which it was found removed.
- %s File's size in bytes.
- %t File's last modification time in the format
- returned by the C `ctime' function.
- _ %Tk File's last modification time in the format speci-
- _ fied by k, which is the same as for %A.
- %u File's user name, or numeric user ID if the user
- has no name.
- %U File's numeric user ID.
- A `%' character followed by any other character is dis-
- carded (but the other character is printed).
- -prune
- If -depth is not given, true; do not descend the
- current directory.
- If -depth is given, false; no effect.
- -ls True; list current file in `ls -dils' format on stan-
- dard output. The block counts are of 1K blocks, unless
- the environment variable POSIX_ME_HARDER is set, in
- which case 512-byte blocks are used.
- OPERATORS
- Listed in order of decreasing precendence:
- ____ ( expr )
- Force precedence.
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- FIND(1L) FIND(1L)
- ____ ! expr
- ____ True if expr is false.
- ____ -not expr
- ____ Same as ! expr.
- _____ _____ expr1 expr2
- _____ _____ And (implied); expr2 is not evaluated if expr1 is
- false.
- _____ _____ expr1 -a expr2
- _____ _____ Same as expr1 expr2.
- _____ _____ expr1 -and expr2
- _____ _____ Same as expr1 expr2.
- _____ _____ expr1 -o expr2
- _____ _____ Or; expr2 is not evaluated if expr1 is true.
- _____ _____ expr1 -or expr2
- _____ _____ Same as expr1 -o expr2.
- _____ _____ expr1 , expr2
- _____ _____ List; both expr1 and expr2 are always evaluated. The
- _____ value of expr1 is discarded; the value of the list is
- _____ the value of expr1.
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